to the individual, such as facility maintenance expenses, are included. It is an important indicator from the perspective of comparing social security costs with other countries. The insurers (entities that administer the insurance) are the national government, municipalities, and public organisations. All individuals who meet certain conditions are obliged to join the system as insured persons (subscribers). death, or childbirth. The medical insurance has the following kinds depending on occupational field, area and age. <1> Health insurance for ordinary employees (there are two systems, namely, the society-managed, employment-based health insurance managed by association for employees of large scale establishments where health insurance associations are set up according to the Health Insurance Act, and the Japan health insurance association-managed health insurance for employees of medium and small establishments where health insurance associations are not set up), The Japan health insurance association-managed health insurance for day workers (insured persons under Article 3, Paragraph 2 of the Health Insurance Act), Seamen's insurance (sickness section) and various mutual aid associations for the national and local government employees as well as the private school personnel. <2> National health insurance for general residents other than the above. There are the national health insurance for specific occupations such as construction industries, medical doctors, etc. and the national health insurance for the ordinary persons other than the above. Further, those persons aged 75 and over are covered by the long life medical care system (medical care system for elderly in the latter stage of life). Since the establishment of the contributory national pension system in April 1961, it has been a universal pension system. In the case of old age, disability or death of the insured individual, if certain conditions are met, the basic pension common to all citizens will be provided. Employees enroll in employees' pension insurance in addition to the national pension, and if they meet certain requirements, the employees' pension will be paid in addition to the basic pension. This pension is in proportion to remuneration. Social Insurance Social insurance is the centre of Japan's social security system and consists of medical insurance, pension insurance, long-term care insurance, and labour insurance. It is a "mutual assistance" system that provides against risks such as disease and unemployment and is financed by the insurance premiums paid by the citizens who are the beneficiaries, using the insurance system. Medical Insurance A system that provides insurance benefits for short-term economic losses such as illness, injury, Pension Insurance Pension insurance is a system that provides various pension benefits in principle, with old age, disability, and death as the main insured events. It is long-term insurance that aims to guarantee the livelihood of the insured individual or their surviving family members in the case of the long-term loss of ability to work or the death of a person who had been financially supporting their family. Employment Insurance The Employment Insurance Act was enacted in December 1974 and fully enforced starting in April 1975. It applies to all workers (excluding public employees) in all industries regardless of industry type or size. Unemployment benefits are provided to insured workers when they lose their jobs or when it becomes difficult for them to continue employment, and support is provided for livelihood security, employment stability, and re-employment during job hunting. In addition, the government conducts employment stabilization projects to prevent unemployment caused by economic fluctuations and to stabilize employment and capacity development projects to improve workers' abilities throughout their working lives. 23 Social Security 545
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