23 Social Security This chapter covers social security expenditure, social insurance, and social welfare. The section on social security expenditure contains statistics on social security benefits, social expenditure and finances. The section on social insurance contains statistics on medical care insurance, pension insurance, employment insurance, long-term care insurance and industrial accident compensation insurance. The section on social welfare contains statistics on social welfare administration services, old age health and medical welfare, general welfare services, livelihood aid and social welfare institutions. For public health and medical care, see "24 Health and Sanitation", and for industrial injuries, "29 Disasters and Accidents". Financial Statistics of Social Security (Fundamental Statistics) Financial Statistics of Social Security is a generic term covering the social security benefits of the ILO (International Labour Organization) standards (which is the expenditure statistics established by international organisations) and social expenditure of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) standards which are the expenditure statistics established by international organisations. This survey is compiled by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. Social Security Benefits The social security benefits are estimated in conformity to the ILO standards, on the basis of benefits given in the annual account settlements of all social security systems. According to the ILO standards, the social security systems include social insurances (including employment insurance and industrial accident insurance), family allowances, special systems for public employees, public health (hygiene) services, public aid allowances, social welfare systems, benefits for war victims, etc. ILO defines the social security system as a system that meets the following three conditions: <1> The system is to provide benefits against the following risks and / or needs: (1) old age, (2) bereaved family, (3) disability, (4) industrial accident, (5) hygiene and medical care, (6) family, (7) unemployment, (8) residence, (9) livelihood protection, etc. <2> The system must be established by a law to provide specific benefits, and require public, semi-public or independent organisations to assume responsibility for it. <3> It must be managed by a public, semi-public or an independent organ established by a law. Otherwise, it must be private organs entrusted by a law to execute their duties. Social Expenditure OECD defines social expenditures as follows: "The provision by public and private institutions of benefits to, and financial contributions targeted at, households and individuals in order to provide support during circumstances which adversely affect their welfare, provided that the provision of the benefits and financial contributions constitutes neither a direct payment for a particular good or service nor an individual contract or transfer." Every expenditure item is included in Social Expenditure if it satisfies the following two criteria: first, the benefits must be intended to address one or more social purposes (9 policy areas: "old age" , "survivors" , "incapacity-related benefits" , "health" , "family" , "active labour market programmes" , "unemployment" , "housing" and "other social policy areas" ) and, second, the system that makes the provision of benefits should either contribute to inter-personal redistribution or involve compulsory participation. Compared to "social security benefit expenses," there is a difference in scope. Some expenses not transferred directly 544 23 社会保障
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