This chapter covers land and climate. The section on land contains statistics on national land as well major islands, lakes, mountains and river systems. The section on climate contains statistics such as temperature, humidity, duration of sunshine, and precipitation. As for cultivated land and forest areas, see "8 Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries"; for state-owned land, "5 Public Finance"; for parks, "26 Culture"; for land prices, "20 Prices", and for natural disasters, "29 Disasters and Accidents". Land area is measured for districts surrounded by coastlines and administrative boundaries on the Digital Japan Basic Maps (Map Information) as of 1 April, 2022. Coastlines on the Digital Japan Basic Maps represent shorelines at high tide, whereas rivers, lakes and marshes are included in land areas. Land and sea boundaries of estuaries were identified by connecting the tips of both banks along the natural shapes of coastlines. In Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures with areas temporarily submerged by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake, areas, except for newly created lands, are to be calculated, for the meantime, using coastlines before the Earthquake adjusted to coordinates after the diastrophism by the Earthquake. Islands Number of islands and length of coastline are based on the survey conducted by the Maritime Safety Agency (now, Japan Coast Guard) in 1986, for the islands with a coastline over 0.1 kilometres on the marine charts at a scale of 1:25,000 (for Habomai Islands, Shikotan Island, Kunashiri Island, and Etorofu Island, the data are taken from the 1969 survey). Climate Data are obtained from "Meteorological data of the past" compiled by the Japan Meteorological Agency from the surface observations at observation stations throughout the country during the year. Observations of air temperature, relative humidity, etc. are made at the scheduled times of a day, but the frequency of observation varies depending on the observation station and the object. The average of a day refers to values obtained by dividing the sum of values during the day by total number of the information; and average of a month or average of a year refers to values obtained by dividing the sum of daily or monthly statistical values in the month or year (total value in the month or year) by total number of the information. The arithmetic average is used for the calculation. The average year values in the meteorological statistics are supposed to use the cumulative average of consecutive 30 years counting from the year when the 1st digit of the year is 1 of Gregorian calendar internationally. They are used for 10 years following the statistics period and updated every 10 years. The current average year values in use are "The average year values of the year 2020", second edition that are calculated based on the materials of the 30-years period from 1991 to 2020, and have been used since 18 May, 2022. Land area Land areas were obtained from "Statistical reports on the land area by prefectures and municipalities in Japan," which are compiled quarterly each year by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan under the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. 1 Land and Climate 171 Land and Climate
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