19 Labour and Wages This chapter covers labour force, wages, hours worked, labour turnover, labour productivity, labour unions and labour disputes. The section on labour force contains statistics on persons in labour force, employed persons and unemployed persons. The section on wages contains earnings structure, etc. The section on hours worked contains average hours worked and the working hour system. The section on labour turnover contains statistics on the desires for employment or job changes, the condition of new employment and the separation from job, and the employment referrals. The section on labour productivity contains labour productivity index. The section on labour unions and labour disputes contains statistics on labour unions, union membership and labour disputes. For employment insurance and workers’ accident compensation insurance, see "23 Social Security", and for industrial injuries, see "29 Disasters and Accidents". Labour Force Survey (Fundamental Statistical Survey) The survey, started in September 1946 by the Cabinet Bureau of Statistics (now, the Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) with the aim to survey the monthly changes of labour force status of the national population, became a full-dress survey from July 1947, after experiencing an experimental period of about a year. It is a sampling survey for households and household members covering, since October 1982, about 40,000 households and their household members, and is taken as of the end of each month (as of 26 for December). Labour force status is determined by the actual conditions in a week ending the last day of each month (from 20 to 26 for December), covering about 100,000 persons 15 years old and over in those households. Labour force status Statistics on labour force status are obtained from the Population Census, the Employment Status Survey (mentioned later), as well as the Labour Force Survey. In the Labour Force Survey and the Population Census, persons in labour force and those not in labour force are separated according to their actual work status during the survey week, whereas in the Employment Status Survey they are classified into working persons and persons not working according to their usual status. Further, in contrast to the annual average in the Labour Force Survey which is equal to the average from January through December, the Population Census refers to the actual status during a week ending the last day of September of the census year. Labour force status of the Labour Force Survey is classified as follows. week (Family workers who worked without pay are included in "employed person at work"). Labour force Employed person and unemployed person among the 15 years old and over population. Employed person Employed person at work and employed person not at work. Employed person at work Person who worked for pay or profit for at least one hour during the reference Employed person, not at work Among the person with jobs but not at work during the reference week (for employees, to person who received, or were expected to receive wage or salary; and for self-employed worker who did not work during the reference week and whose absence from work has not exceed 30 days). Family workers who were not at work during the reference week are classified into Unemployed person or Not in labour force. Unemployed person Person who satisfy the following conditions. <1> with no job and did no work at all 19 Labour and Wages 425
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