Glossary for Terms 791Amount of bills cleared within-bank The total number and amount of bills and checks, etc. paid by the bank. Dishonored bills registration Among bills and checks payable to participating banks, bills and checks that cannot be paid are called "dishonored bills". The total of information (number of cases and amounts) registered by participating banks with electronic clearing houses regarding dishonored bills subject to suspension of business transactions. The "number of cases" indicates the number of dishonored bills. Number of dishonored reports, etc. These are included in "dishonored reports" for drawers of first-time dishonored bills and in "suspension of business transaction reports" for drawers whose transactions were suspended and notified to participating banks. The number of dishonored check reports, etc. refers to statistics on both dishonored check reports and suspension of business transaction reports. TOPIX (Tokyo Stock Price Index) TOPIX is a market benchmark with functionality as an investable index, covering an extensive proportion of the Japanese stock market. TOPIX shows the measure of current market capitalisation assuming that market capitalisation as of the base date (4 January 1968) is 100 points. Nikkei Stock Average The Nikkei 225 is a stock market index calculated and published by the Japanese newspaper publisher Nikkei Inc. It is a price-weighted equity index comprised of 225 stocks listed on the Prime Market of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. 17 Environment Greenhouse gas Greenhouse gases are gases that absorb heat (infrared radiation) in the atmosphere. As greenhouse gases increase in the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect increases, and the temperature near the ground surface rises, leading to global warming. The "Greenhouse Gas Inventory", which was created to understand greenhouse gas emissions worldwide and in each country, calculates the emissions of seven types of greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃). Sorted collection Sorted collection in the Act on the Promotion of Sorted Collection and Recycling of Containers and Packaging refer to the process of collecting waste containers and packaging separately, and sorting, compressing and packing where necessary to be recycled as resources. Air pollutants The six substances subject to continuous monitoring for air pollutants (excluding hazardous air pollutants) are those for which environmental standards have been established. Environmental standards are set based on the Basic Act on the Environment and are desirable to be maintained in order to protect human health and preserve living environments. These standards are set for air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, airborne particulate matter, photochemical oxidants (Ox), sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Valid measuring station It refers to a measuring station which measured 6,000 hours or more (except for the case of photochemical oxidant) in the respective year. A valid measuring station for fine particulate matters refers to a measuring station which is equipped with a measuring instrument of equivalent capability to the standard measurement method and which measured 250 days or more in the respective year. Water zone to be assessed It refers to a demarcated water zone (rivers, lakes and sea) for which environmental standard is enforced by the national or prefectural government according to the type of usage. Pollution It is defined by the Basic Act on the Environment (Article 2-3) as (1) caused by business activities and other human activities, (2) in a broad area, (3) consisting of air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, noise, vibration, ground subsidence, and offensive odors, and (4) causing damage to human health or the living environment. The seven types of pollution listed in (3) are referred to as the typical seven types of pollution. 18 Science and Technology Expenditure on research and development per researcher Calculated by dividing expenditure on research and development for the relevant fiscal year by the number of researchers at the end of the relevant fiscal year. International technology exchanges Provision or receipt of patent rights, know-how, technical guidance, and other technologies to or from foreign countries. Also referred to as technology trade. Data on international technology exchanges cover only business enterprises. Value of technology exports and imports Amounts received for technology exports and amounts paid for technology imports in international technology exchanges. Industrial property rights A general term for the rights to patents, utility models, designs, and trademarks. These rights can be used exclusively for a certain period of time by applying to the Japan Patent Office. Patent right The right to protect inventions characterized by a high level of technological creativity and industrially applicable based on natural laws and rule. The period of a patent right is 20 years from the date of filing of the patent application. The period may be extended by up to five years for pharmaceutical products and agricultural chemicals. Utility model right The right to protect the shape or structure of an article or combination of articles that is industrially applicable and characterized by creative technological concepts based on natural laws and rules. The period of a utility model right is 10 years from the date of filing of the utility model application. Design right The right to protect the shape, pattern, color, or any combination thereof of an article, building, or graphic image relating to their external appearance. The period of a design right is 25 years from the filing date of the application. Trademark right The right to protect the letters, diagrams, and symbols (colors) having the effect of identifying the subject of various products or services. The period of a trademark right is 10 years from the date of registration (continuous use can be obtained if an application is renewed).
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