23 Social Security 562 23 社会保障 This chapter covers social security expenditure, social insurance, and social welfare. The section on social security expenditure contains statistics on social expenditure, social security benefits and finances. The section on social insurance contains statistics on medical care insurance, pension insurance, employment insurance, long-term care insurance and industrial accident compensation insurance. The section on social welfare contains statistics on social welfare administration services, old age health and medical welfare, general welfare services, livelihood aid and social welfare institutions. For public health and medical care, see "24 Health and Sanitation", and for industrial injuries, see "29 Disasters and Accidents". Financial Statistics of Social Security (Fundamental Statistics) The National Institute of Population and Social Security Research compiles and publishes the Financial Statistics of Social Security in Japan every year. The statistics are intended to clarify the scale of social security as a whole, as well as the composition of social security by policy area in Japan, and to serve as fundamental resources to monitor social security policies and finance. The statistics include annual expenditure on social security schemes such as pensions, health insurance, nursing care insurance, employment insurance, and public assistance. Financial Statistics of Social Security are statistics compiled in accordance with standards established by international organisations. Financial Statistics of Social Security is a generic term covering social expenditure based on the standards of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), social security benefits and social security revenue based on the standards of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), social security revenue based on the standards of the European Union (EU). This chapter covers social expenditure based on the standards of the OECD and social security benefits and social security revenue based on the standards of the ILO. Social expenditure based on OECD standards covers public and private provision of financial support and benefits to individuals and households to compensate for an extreme decline in welfare levels. The scope of aggregation, however, defines only institutional expenditure as social expenditure and does not include direct purchases of goods and services by people or individual contracts and transfers. The determination of whether or not a system falls under the category of "social expenditure" first depends on whether the benefit has one or more social objectives and the system contributes to the redistribution of income among individuals, or whether participation in the system is officially enforced. Social objectives related to social expenditure are divided into nine policy areas: (1) Old age (2) Bereaved family (3) Disability, employment injury, or disease (4) Health (5) Family (6) Active labour market policies (7) Unemployment (8) Housing (9) Other policy areas Compared to "social security benefit expenses", there is a difference in scope. Some expenses not transferred directly to the individual, such as facility maintenance expenses, are included. It is an important indicator from the perspective of comparing social security costs with other countries. Social security benefits under ILO standards are based on a social security system that is defined as meeting the following three conditions. (1) The system is to provide benefits against the following risks and / or needs: Old age, Bereaved family, Disability, Industrial accident, Hygiene and medical care, Family, Unemployment, Residence and Livelihood protection, etc.
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