23 Social Security 544 23 社会保障 This chapter covers social security expenditure, social insurance, and social welfare. The section on social security expenditure contains statistics on social security benefits, social expenditure and finances. The section on social insurance contains statistics on medical care insurance, pension insurance, employment insurance, long-term care insurance and industrial accident compensation insurance. The section on social welfare contains statistics on social welfare administration services, old age health and medical welfare, general welfare services, livelihood aid and social welfare institutions. For public health and medical care, see "24 Health and Sanitation", and for industrial injuries, see "29 Disasters and Accidents". Financial Statistics of Social Security (Fundamental Statistics) Financial Statistics of Social Security is a generic term covering the social security benefits of the ILO (International Labour Organization) standards (which is the expenditure statistics established by international organisations) and social expenditure of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) standards which are the expenditure statistics established by international organisations. This survey is compiled by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. Social security benefits The social security benefits are tabulated in conformity to the ILO standards, on the basis of benefits given in the annual account settlements of all social security systems. According to the ILO standards, the social security systems include social insurances (including employment insurance and industrial accident insurance), family allowances, special systems for public employees, public health (hygiene) services, public aid allowances, social welfare systems, benefits for war victims, etc. ILO defines the social security system as a system that meets the following three conditions: <1> The system is to provide benefits against the following risks and / or needs: (1) Old age, (2) Bereaved family, (3) Disability, (4) Industrial accident, (5) Hygiene and medical care, (6) Family, (7) Unemployment, (8) Residence, (9) Livelihood protection, etc. <2> The system must be established by a law to provide specific benefits, and require public, semi-public or independent organisations to assume responsibility for it. <3> It must be managed by a public, semi-public or an independent organ established by a law. Otherwise, it must be private organs entrusted by a law to execute their duties. Social expenditure Social expenditure based on OECD standards covers public and private provision of financial support and benefits to individuals and households to compensate for an extreme decline in welfare levels. The scope of aggregation, however, defines only institutional expenditure as social expenditure and does not include direct purchases of goods and services by people or individual contracts and transfers. The determination of whether or not a system falls under the category of "social expenditure" first depends on whether the benefit has one or more social objectives and the system contributes to the redistribution of income among individuals, or whether participation in the system is officially enforced. Social objectives related to social expenditure are divided into nine policy areas: (1) Old age (2) Bereaved family (3) Disability, employment injury, or disease (4) Health (5) Family (6) Active labour market policies (7) Unemployment (8) Housing (9) Other policy areas Compared to "social security benefit expenses," there is a difference in scope. Some expenses not transferred directly
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