1 Land and Climate 17 This chapter covers land and climate. The section on land contains statistics on area as well islands, lakes, mountains and river systems. The section on climate contains statistics such as temperature, humidity, duration of sunshine, and precipitation. As for state-owned land, see "5 Public Finance"; for cultivated land and forest areas, "8 Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries"; for parks, "26 Culture"; for land prices, "20 Prices", and for natural disasters, "29 Disasters and Accidents". Land area is measured for districts surrounded by coastlines and the boundaries of municipalities, etc. in the Digital Japan Basic Map (Map Information) as of 1 April, 2023. Coastlines on the Digital Japan Basic Map (Map Information) represent shorelines at high tide, whereas rivers, lakes and marshes are included in land areas. Land and sea boundaries of estuaries were identified by connecting the tips of both banks along the natural shapes of coastlines. In Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures with areas temporarily submerged by The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake, areas, except for newly created lands, are to be calculated, for the meantime, using coastlines before the earthquake adjusted to coordinates after the diastrophism by the earthquake. Number of Islands In addition to islands based on laws and regulations, the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan under the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism counted land areas with a perimeter of 0.1 km or more that were judged to have been naturally formed out of the land areas drawn on the Digital Japan Basic Map as of January 2022. Climate Data are obtained from "Meteorological data of the past" compiled by the Japan Meteorological Agency from the surface observations at observation stations throughout the country during the year. Observations of temperature and relative humidity, etc. are conducted at specified times, but the number of observations varies depending on the observation station and meteorological factors. The daily average value is the value obtained by dividing the total of the values for a single day at regular times or every hour on the hour (24 times from 1:00 to 24:00) by the total number of data points. The average year values in the meteorological statistics are supposed to use the cumulative average of consecutive 30 years counting from the year when the 1st digit of the year is 1 of Gregorian calendar internationally. They are used for 10 years following the statistics period and updated every 10 years. The current average year values in use are "The average year values of the year 2020", third edition that are calculated based on the materials of the 30-years period from 1991 to 2020, and have been used since 17 May, 2023. Land area Date were obtained from "Statistical reports on the land area by prefectures and municipalities in Japan," which are compiled quarterly each year by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan under the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. 1 Land and Climate
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