17 Environment This chapter contains statistics on greenhouse gases, atmospheric pollution, waste disposal, public hazards, and water and sewage. Environment The United Nations and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), among others, are developing environmental indicators. The "PSR framework", which is proposed by OECD, is widely used by other international organisations and countries as the basis for developing their environmental indicators. The same framework is also used by the Ministry of the Environment, for compiling "Environmental Statistics". "PSR model" of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) OECD has developed the "PSR model" to be used as a conceptual scheme to arrange the environmental information and put it together into indicators. The model is aimed at grasping the relationship between human activities and the environment through a flow of processes, PSR, namely, "Pressure on environment", "State of environment as a consequence" and "Social responses for it". And the environmental indicators of OECD, which are based on this PSR model, use the "core set" as a basic tool to comprehend the structure of environmental problems. The elements of the "PSR framework" are as follows. <1> Pressure on environment The indicators to measure the environmental pressure represent the pressure of human activities on the environment including natural resources. Here, the "pressure" includes underlying or indirect pressures (activities themselves and environmental fluctuations, etc.) as well as proximate or direct (use of resources, discharge of pollutants and wastes, etc.). <2> State of environment The indicators for the state of the environment are related to the quality of the environment and the qualitative and quantitative aspects of natural resources, reflecting the purpose of environmental policies. Moreover, the environmental indicators are designed to reveal the overall state of the environment and its change over time. Examples are the density of pollutants and the state of wild animals and natural resources. <3> Social response The social policy indicators show the degree with which society responds to the environmental problems. For example, they refer to environmental expenditure, environmental tax and subsidy, recycle of waste, etc. Emission of greenhouse gases The data source is the "Emission of greenhouse gases in Japan" which is compiled by the Ministry of the Environment as an administrative material. Globally, fossil fuel combustion produces massive amounts of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), which accounts for approximately 91% of Japan’s total greenhouse gas emissions in FY 2019. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted in May 1992, aiming at ultimately stabilising the density of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and it came into effect in March 1994. In December 1997, member countries of the Convention held COP3 or the Third Conference of the Parties, in Kyoto and adopted the Kyoto Protocol, which came into effect in February 2005. It stipulates a legally binding promise with numerical targets on the discharge of greenhouse gases among developed countries and provides an international mechanism to achieve the targets. In addition, the Paris Agreement which was a new international framework on Climate Change after 2020 was adopted at the 21 session of the Conference of Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that was held in Paris, France in 2015. In the Paris Agreement, the "2°C goal" (to keep the global average temperature rise well below 2°C above pre-industrial revolution and to pursue efforts to keep the 398 17 環境
元のページ ../index.html#431