23 Social Security This chapter covers social security expenditure, social insurance, and social welfare. The section on social security expenditure contains statistics on social security benefits and finances. The section on social insurance contains statistics on medical care insurance, pension insurance, employment insurance, workmen's accident compensation insurance and nursing-care insurance for the elderly. The section on social welfare contains statistics on social welfare administration services, old age health and medical welfare, general welfare services, livelihood aid and social welfare institutions. For public health and medical care, see "24 Health and Sanitation", and for industrial injuries, "29 Disasters and Accidents". Financial Statistics of Social Security (Fundamental Statistics) Financial Statistics of Social Security is a generic term covering the social security benefits of the ILO (International Labour Organization) standards (which is the expenditure statistics established by international organisations) and social expenditure of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) standards which are the expenditure statistics established by international organisations. This survey is compiled by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. Social security benefits The social security benefits are estimated in conformity to the ILO standards, on the basis of benefits given in the annual account settlements of all social security systems. According to the ILO standards, the social security systems include social insurances (including employment insurance and industrial accident insurance), family allowances, special systems for public employees, public health (hygiene) services, public aid allowances, social welfare systems, benefits for war victims, etc. ILO defines the social security system as a system that meets the following three conditions: <1> The system is to provide benefits against the following risks and / or needs: (1) old age, (2) bereaved family, (3) disability, (4) industrial accident, (5) hygiene and medical care, (6) family, (7) unemployment, (8) residence, (9) livelihood protection, etc. <2> The system must be established by a law to provide specific benefits, and require public, semi-public or independent organisations to assume responsibility for it. <3> It must be managed by a public, semi-public or an independent organ established by a law. Otherwise, it must be private organs entrusted by a law to execute their duties. Social insurance Social insurance is a system granting benefits in such cases as diseases, old-age, disability, death, unemployment, etc., in order to secure the livelihood of the insured persons and their survivors. It comprises medical care insurance which provides necessary medical treatments in case of diseases, injuries, deliveries, etc. and grants benefits for incidental economic losses; pension insurance against the loss or decrease in the ability of work due to old-age, disability, death, etc.; employment insurance against unemployment of persons who are competent for work but have no opportunity to work; workmen's accident compensation insurance which compensates for losses due to accidents on duty or while commuting; and the nursing-care insurance which publicly support the nursing care for the elderly persons. Medical insurance The medical insurance has the following kinds depending on occupational field, area and age. ○ Health insurance for ordinary employees (there are two systems, namely, the society-managed, employment-based 534 23 社会保障
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