18 Science and Technology This chapter covers science and technology, industrial property rights. The section on science and technology contains statistics on research activities in business enterprises, non-profit institutions and public organisations, universities and colleges. The section on industrial property rights contains statistics on the number of applications and registrations of patents, utility models, designs and trademarks. Survey of Research and Development (Fundamental Statistical Survey) This survey has been conducted every year by the Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. The survey is designed to provide basic materials for promoting science and technology in Japan, by studying the research and development (R&D) activities carried out in Japan. The survey covers companies with a capital of 10 million yen or more engaged in industries other than the specified industries, as well as non-profit institutions and public organisations, universities and colleges. Business enterprises are chosen by a sampling method and other institutions are surveyed by a complete enumeration. "Permanent researchers" was added as a breakdown of the number of persons employed in R&D for non-profit institutions and public organisations and universities and colleges in accordance with the fifth Science and Technology Basic Plan. The survey on personnel and capital is conducted annually as of 31 March, while financial items such as sales and research and development expenditures are reported for the fiscal year ending on the latest settling day prior to 31 March. Industrial property rights Data are based on "Japan Patent Office Annual Report" which is compiled every year by the said office with respect to status of applications for industrial property rights. Industrial property right is a general term for the right to patents, utility models, designs and trademarks, by which exclusive use of an invention, utility model, design or trademark registered through the prescribed application procedure is admitted for a specified period of time. The duration of the right is at most 20 years, or in some cases 25years from the filing date of the application for patents, and at most 10 years for utility models, at most 25 years from the filing date of the application for designs, and 10 years in general for trademarks. 406 18 科学技術
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