in IMF, and special drawing rights (SDR). Economic cooperation Data are based on the "White Paper on Official Development Assistance (ODA)" by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Generally, economic cooperation includes official development assistance (ODA), other official flows (OOF), private flows, at market terms (PF) and grants by non-profit agencies. Development cooperation refers to international cooperation activity by the government and its affiliated agencies including ODA, for the main purpose of development in developing countries and regions. The Japanese government or affiliated agencies, through ODA provide funds (grants, loans, etc.) and technology to developing countries or international organizations for the purpose of development including peacebuilding, governance, promotion of the basic human rights and humanitarian assistance, etc. Official Development Assistance (ODA) "ODA" refers to assistance which is <1> rendered by the government or government-affiliated agencies, <2> given for the purpose of promoting the economic and social development, and improving the welfare, of developing countries, and <3> conveys a grant element (G.E.: indicator of "softness" of assistance conditions) of at least 25 percent. The ODA is broadly divided into bilateral ODA and multilateral ODA. Then, the bilateral ODA is further divided into bilateral grants and ODA Loans, and the bilateral grants comprise grant aid and technical cooperation. "Multilateral ODA" refers to the indirect assistance to developing countries in the form of contributions and subscriptions to multilateral institutions. Other official flows This refers to official assistance other than official development assistance, which aims at promoting exports. Included are securities transactions issued on the domestic market by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), etc. Private flows This refers to private transactions, and mainly consists of private export credits and direct investments. Private export credits relate to those allowing deferred payment for purchase which Japanese exporters make to importers of developing countries. 6 Foreign Trade, Balance of Payments and International Cooperation 171
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