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CHAPTER 11 ENERGY AND WATER
This chapter covers supply and demand of energy, electricity, gas and water.
The section of supply and demand of energy contains statistics on the structure of energy consumption and the supply-and-demand table of energy. Data are obtained from "Yearbook of the Current Survey of Energy Consumption" and "Yearbook of Mineral Resources and Petroleum Products Statistics" by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and "General Energy Statistics" compiled by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy.
The section of electricity contains statistics on the generation capacity of electric utilities, including self-generating power plants and the supply and demand of electricity. The source of data is "Summary of Electric Power Industry" compiled by the Statistics Committee of The Federation of Ten Electric Power Companies; Japan Electric Association.
The section of gas contains statistics on the supply capacity of general gas enterprises and the supply and demand of gas. Data are derived from "Handbook of Gas Utility Industry" compiled by The Japan Gas Association.
The section of water contains statistics on water supplies and industrial water. Data are drawn from "Statistics on Water Supply" by the Japan Water Works Association and "Census of Manufactures" (see "9 Mining and Manufacturing") by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.
For sewerage, see "17 Environment", for accidents related to electricity and gas, see "29 Disasters and Accidents".
Supply and demand of energy
The Agency for Natural Resources and Energy publishes annually "General Energy Statistics". This publication contains the consolidated balance sheet of energy demand and supply which shows integrally the supply and demand relation of all kinds of energy. The consolidated balance sheet consists of the balance expressed by the actual figures in terms of the unit of each energy and the balance expressed by the converted figures by the average calorific equivalent per unit of each energy, the latter of which is shown in this Yearbook. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry publishes annually the results of the Current Production Survey of METI and various kinds of surveys on distribution, supply and demand by "Yearbook of Mineral Resources and Petroleum Products Statistics".
Current Production Survey of METI (Fundamental Statistical Survey)
Statistics by a complete count of establishments which produce petroleum products, crude oil, natural gas and coke are shown in this chapter (see "9 Mining and Manufacturing").
Current Survey of Petroleum Product Supply and Demand (Fundamental Statistical Survey)
With an aim to clarify the actual status of the supply and demand of petroleum products, this survey has been carried out every month since 1952 by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and since 2002 by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy. The survey covers all manufacturers and importers as well as all sellers above a certain level and samples of the rest of sellers below the level, and questionnaires are sent by mail or online.
The Statistical Survey of Energy Consumption in the METI Selected Industries (Fundamental Statistical Survey)
This survey was originated in 1980 to compile the designated statistics "Statistics on Energy Consumption by Mining, Manufacturing and Commerce Industries" which clarifies the actual consumption of oil and other energy by those industries. The survey was composed of an annual survey "Survey on Oil Consumption Structure" (started in 1980) and a monthly survey "Current Survey of Energy Consumption" (started in January 1981). The annual survey was terminated in 2002, and the name of the survey was changed to the present one.
Current Survey of Energy Consumption
The sample of the survey is about 1,600 establishments selected from industries producing pulp and paper products, chemical products, synthetic fibre, oil products, ceramic products, glassware, steel products, nonferrous metal products, or machinery. The survey is conducted every month on the monthly consumption of oil and other energy by mail or through the Internet.
Electricity
Data are provided by "Summary of Electric Power Industry" compiled every year by the Statistics Committee of The Federation of Ten Electric Power Companies; Japan Electric Association. Statistics in these publications are the tabulation results from the annual reports of electric power enterprises, the annual financial reports and the quarterly operation reports of industrial plants, etc. submitted regularly by electric power enterprises and constructors of electric facilities for industrial plants in accordance with the provisions of the regulations on reporting regarding electricity under the Electric Enterprise Act, and the summary reports on facilities, etc. prepared by each major electric power company.
Electrical enterprises
Electrical enterprises as defined by the Electricity Enterprise Act include general electric utilities (the 9 Electric Power Companies and Okinawa Electric Power Company), which supply electricity to users within fixed supply areas, wholesale electric utilities (Electric Power Development Co. Ltd., The Japan Atomic Power Company), special electric utilities which supply electricity to users in specific supply areas, and specified-scale electricity suppliers which supply electricity to the users of specific volume of needs through connected supply systems.
In-house generation
In-house generation refers to companies which generate for themselves electricity to be consumed within the companies, their plants and establishments. However, those with maximum generating capacity of less than 1,000kW are excluded. Joint industrial plants refer to those constructed jointly by two or more companies for their own consumption.
In addition, joint plants refer to power plants constructed by separate companies, which were established jointly by the major electric power companies and the companies, which consume a large quantity of electricity. Electricity generated by the joint plants is supplied both to major electric power companies on the wholesale basis and to the companies' own plants. The separate companies in this case are classified as wholesale suppliers.
Gas
Data are obtained from "Handbook of Gas Utility Industry" compiled annually by The Japan Gas Association. Statistics in these publications are tabulated from the reports on financial statements, etc. submitted regularly by gas utilities in compliance with the provisions of executive regulations under the Gas Enterprise Act and from the Current Production Survey on Gas Utility Industry. This Yearbook presents statistics concerning general gas (town gas) utilities.
Current Production Survey on Gas Utility Industry (Fundamental Statistical Survey)
The survey has been conducted every month since 1951 with an aim to clarify the actual conditions of the production of gas enterprises by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy. With the revision of the Gas Enterprise Act in fiscal 1970, the simplified gas enterprises are also covered in addition to the general gas enterprises. And with the revisions of the Act in fiscal 1994 and fiscal 2004, large-scale gas providers and gas pipeline providers were included, respectively. The survey is conducted by postal mail or via the Internet. Questionnaires are sent by mail or online.
Gas utilities
Gas utilities are divided into general gas (town gas) utilities and simplified gas utilities pursuant to the Gas Enterprise Act. The former supply gas by pipes to general consumers, while the latter produce gas by simplified equipment and supply it by pipes to general consumers. The simplified gas utilities refer to those which have 70 or more supply spots (service pipes to each consumer) within a housing development. In case general gas enterprises are engaged in a simplified gas utility business in their supply areas, they are considered as general gas utilities.
Water supplies
Data are derived from the "Survey on Water Supply" and the "Survey on Public Water Supply and Source Water Supply Enterprises" both of which are conducted every year on the annual turnover for the fiscal year and the status as of the end of the fiscal year by the Japan Water Works Association through prefectures. The "Survey on Water Supply" covers approved undertakings in public water supply, source water supply, small-scale water supply, and reported undertakings of exclusive water supply. The "Survey on Public Water Supply and Source Water Supply Enterprises" covers approved undertakings in public water supply and source water supply with the planned capacity for 5,001 persons or more.
Water supplies are divided into <1> waterworks (those planned to supply water to population of 5,001 persons or more), <2> simplified waterworks (those planned to supply water to population of 101 persons or more, but 5,000 persons or less), <3> exclusive waterworks (waterworks planned to supply water to the own population of 101 persons or more) and <4> water supply for waterworks (utilities which supply water by water pipe to water enterprises).
Industrial water
Data are based on "Report on Industrial Land and Water" of the Census of Manufactures (see "9 Mining and Manufacturing"). The survey on industrial land and water was initiated as an attached survey of the Census of Manufactures for 1958, but since 1963 the survey has been conducted as the designated survey items of the Census of Manufactures.
Industrial water relates to the respondent establishments among private establishments with 30 or more employees engaged in manufacturing industries, and refers to water (incl. drinking water for employees and water for miscellaneous uses) used for production within the establishment. Water used per day refers to total water used during a year divided by the number of operating days.